Sewing machine device

The first patent for a sewing machine was issued at the beginning of the nineteenth century. First, the machines completely copied the manual sewing technique, then a needle and an eye appeared near the sharp end, shuttle stitches, a foot, and, finally, the mechanisms came to the principle by which they work to this day. Modern machines can be set in motion by simply scrolling the handle or its cap, or connected to the mains, can make simple stitches or several types of more complicated ones, including curly and embroidery, but it is based on the same algorithm for connecting two threads on both sides of the fabric.

How a sewing machine works: parts of a sewing machine

Despite the variety of models on the market, the main parts of most cars will be common:

1. Flywheel - usually located on the right side of the case. Adjusts the height of the needle.
2. The core on which the spool with the main thread is worn.
3. Front stitch shape switch.
4. The stitch length switch is located next to the shape selection knob.
5. The thread guide pulls the thread so that it does not get tangled.
6. The thread take-up moves up and down, feeding the thread from the spool to the machine.
7. Thread tension regulator - a special screw or an option on the control panel.
8. The presser foot holds the fabric in position.
9. The foot pressure regulator is needed for fabrics of different materials.
10. Lever for raising and lowering the presser foot at the beginning and end of work.
11. A needle that sews.
12. Screw securing the needle.
13. Needle threader - makes life easier for the user.
14. Thread cutter to quickly break the thread at the end of work.
15. The plate under the foot is equipped with a conveyor - a gear that moves the fabric under the needle.
16. Under the needle and foot is a shuttle device, closed by a lid. If you open it, you will see a bobbin under the cap.
17. Often, modern machines still have a compartment for storing spare parts, threads and other trifles.

What you need first of all: bobbin and shuttle

The shuttle is the main unit of the sewing machine, it hooks the upper thread and connects it to the thread of the bottom line. It is on its setting that the operation of the machine depends on whether there will be gaps, breaks or tangled loops. The part is driven by a drive and moves back and forth in a given direction.

The shuttle can be vertical, horizontal, pendulum or rotating.

• A swinging or pendulum shuttle is found in the cheapest models and is suitable for beginners, or those who rarely use a sewing machine. It is simple, but reliable and does not require special skills for work. The disadvantages of this solution: low speed, noise and vibration during operation, a limited selection of lines.
• Vertical double-shuttle shuttle / rotating / rotational is used in a more expensive and professional technique. It works quickly and reliably, prevents tangling of the thread and can withstand heavy loads when working with different materials.
• Horizontal shuttle differs from the previous location and design. It lies under the needle plate and is covered with a transparent cover. Conveniently, in such a system, the bobbin is not hidden under the cap, and the thread color is immediately visible and how much is left. These machines are easy to use, they work quickly and silently and will suit most people who regularly engage in sewing.

The bobbin is a small spool of thread for the bottom line. Usually a few pieces are included with the purchase.

REFERENCE! The bobbins must match the shape and material of the cap. Keep this in mind if you buy them separately from the machine itself. The choice of the bobbin mechanism is an important point.

The screw located on the bobbin adjusts the bobbin thread tension. If the thread is too loose, the stitches will be skipped, and too much tension will break.

Incorrect winding of the thread on the bobbin also affects the quality of sewing. For example, manual winding may result in incorrect stitch tension. Therefore, it is better to wind the thread using the mechanism built into the machine, in accordance with the instructions.

1. Open the shuttle compartment lid. If necessary, remove the hook and open the cover to remove the bobbin.
2. Place the thread spool you need on the pin at the top of the sewing machine.
3. Unwind a little thread and pass its end through the thread guide.
4. Circle it around the disc tensioner.
5. Fasten the end onto the bobbin by threading it once into the hole.
6. Place the bobbin on a special winding rod.
7. Start the machine using the pedal or button.
8. Wind up as much as you need, but make sure that the thread does not extend beyond the outer edge of the bobbin.
9. Cut the thread and insert the bobbin in its place in the shuttle compartment.

Mechanism

The basic principle of operation of the sewing machine is the interaction of the needle with the upper thread and the shuttle with the thread of the bottom line.

1. The drive starts the movement of the needle up and down.
2. The needle pierces the fabric and forms a loop under it.
3. The shuttle captures this loop and ties it to the thread from the bobbin.
4. The thread take-up starts to raise the upper thread.
5. The thread is tightened, and the device for pulling the material advances the fabric by the length of the stitch.

A motor is hidden under the body, which starts manually mechanically or by electricity. There are many videos on the Internet demonstrating how the engine works. It scrolls three shafts: central and two side. The central shaft is fastened with a connecting rod to the flywheel axis and starts the needle bar, and the side ones are responsible for the shuttle and fabric advancement. It is the synchronous interaction of all the details that allows you to make even stitches, and a failure in this system leads to various problems.

IMPORTANT! The mechanisms of sewing machines, as a rule, do not wear out for a long time, and can serve for decades without requiring repair. The main thing is to follow the rules of operation and lubricate parts on time.

How to move the fabric

After each movement of the needle, the fabric should advance for a new stitch. The distance between the punctures is called the pitch of the stitch - it is usually adjusted using the control lever on the sewing machine.

The material moves with a gear rack protruding in the grooves of the needle plate. The operation of this mechanism greatly affects the quality of stitches.

1. At the first stage of stitch formation - in the lower position of the needle and the slats - the distance between them should be 1.5-2 mm. The wizard will help to precisely adjust this position, but after one correct setting, you will forget about problems with skipped stitches and fabric jam for a long time.
2. While the needle is moving up, a stitch is formed, the cloves of the staff should be completely hidden, and the fabric is stationary. Otherwise, the machine will start skipping stitches and breaking needles.
3. After the stitch is formed, the rake rises and grabs the fabric with teeth to move it to the desired distance.

Remember:

• The foot should be evenly pressed to the plane from all sides, avoiding skewing or stronger pressure on one side;
• Do not pull the fabric forward or pinch it tightly so as not to interfere with the operation of the moving mechanism.

How to replace threads:

1. First, unplug the machine to avoid personal injury.
2. Raise the foot and use the handwheel to lock the needle in the up position.
3. Put the coil on a special pin for it.
4. Pull the thread through the upper conductor, and then down into the right channel.
5. Wrap it around the thread tensioner between the channels.
6. Pull the thread up the left channel, through the hook of the thread guide and again down towards the needle on the other side of the lever.
7. Pass the thread into the thread guide above the needle.
8. Insert it into the eye of the needle, pull it away from you and place the free edge (about 5 cm) behind the machine.

What else do you need to know about cars

Many sewing machines are equipped with additional features:

• In most modern models, the needle can move not only up and down, but also left and right. This allows you to make a zigzag seam or simple patterns on the principle of stitch embroidery.
• Paws of various shapes are available for various purposes: decorative stitching, buttonhole, stitching zippers and button sewing.
• For darning, a special overlay is put on the rail, the moving fabric, which fixes the material in place.
• It would seem a trifle! But without a light bulb built into the machine to illuminate the work surface, you will more often miss flaws and strain your eyes more.
• It is advisable to choose a machine, which comes with tools for its home repair - a screwdriver and keys.

Other types of machines for home use:

• The computerized ones are controlled by a computer board and can sew more intricate stitches. The amount and complexity of programs depends on the amount of memory.
• The shuttle seam is durable, but poorly stretched, so it is rarely used for sewing knitwear. Here you need a machine that uses flat stitches.
• For overcasting fabrics, you can purchase an overlock. It is equipped with a trimming mechanism and is used for sewing fabrics in various ways, including the finest laces and chiffon can be hemmed.

A few tips:

• Too high a load can damage the motor. Often this happens during long continuous work - for example, sewing on tablecloths, curtains and bedding. Take breaks between turning on the drive.
• The needle must be straight and sharp. Do not try to use the damaged one or repair and sharpen it yourself - it is not intended for this. And the use of a spoiled needle can cause damage to the entire machine.
• Also, the needle should correspond to the fabric that is being sewn - for lace and leather needles of different thicknesses are needed, and for knitwear a needle with a rounded tip is used. A standard set can be bought at almost any needlework store.

Understanding the principles of the sewing machine makes it easier to work with it and allows you to fix minor problems without getting up from the table. With the help of a good machine, you can not only perform simple work such as shortening trousers or repairing damaged clothes, but also do creative work and turn household chores into hobbies.